پیشنهادی ▓▓Proprietary english▓▓

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Babies can learn grammar rules
Children grow up very quickly. And they also learn very quickly! It has yet to be researched how children learn. Learning processes take place automatically. Children don't notice when they are learning. Nevertheless, every day they are capable of more. This also becomes clear with language. Babies can only cry in the first few months. With a few months they can say short words. Then sentences are created from those words. Eventually the children speak their native language. Unfortunately, that doesn't work in the case of adults. They need books or other material in order to learn. Only this way can they learn grammar rules, for example. Babies, however, learn grammar as early as four months old! Researchers taught German babies foreign grammar rules. In order to do this, they played Italian sentences aloud to them. These sentences contained certain syntactical structures. The babies listened to the correct sentences for about fifteen minutes. Afterwards, sentences were played for the babies again. This time, however, a few of the sentences were incorrect. While the babies listened to the sentences, their brainwaves were measured. This way the researchers could identify how the brain reacted to sentences. And the babies showed different levels of activity with the sentences! Although they had just learned them, they registered the mistakes. Naturally, babies do not understand why some sentences are wrong. They orient themselves toward phonetic patterns. But that is enough to learn a language – at least for babies…

 

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The Spanish language
The Spanish language belongs to the world languages. It is the native language of more than 380 million people. Additionally, there are many people who speak it as their second language. That makes Spanish one of the most significant languages on the planet. It is also the largest of all the Romance languages. Spanish speakers call their language español or castellano. The term castellano reveals the origin of the Spanish language. It developed from the vernacular spoken in the Castille region. Most Spaniards spoke castellano as early as the 16th century. Today the terms español and castellano are used interchangeably. But they can also have a political dimension. Spanish was dispersed by conquests and colonization. Spanish is also spoken in West Africa and in the Philippines. But the most Spanish-speaking people live in America. In Central and South America, Spanish is the dominant language. However, the number of Spanish-speaking people is also increasing in the USA. About 50 million people in the USA speak Spanish. That's more than in Spain! The Spanish in America is different from European Spanish. The differences are found in the vocabulary and grammar more than anything else. In America, for example, a different past tense form is used. There are also many differences in vocabulary. Some words are only used in America, others only in Spain. But Spanish isn't even uniform in America. There are many different varieties of American Spanish. After English, Spanish is the most learned foreign language worldwide. And it can be learned relatively quickly. What are you waiting for? - ¡Vamos!

 

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From gestures to speech
When we speak or listen, our brain has a lot to do. It has to process the linguistic signals. Gestures and symbols are linguistic signals too. They existed even before human speech. Some symbols are understood in all cultures. Others have to be learned. They can't be understood just by looking at them. Gestures and symbols are processed like speech. And they are processed in the same area of the brain! A new study has proven this. Researchers tested several test subjects. These test subjects had to view various video clips. While they were watching the clips, their brain activity was measured. In one group, the clips expressed various things. These occurred through movements, symbols and speech. The other test group watched different video clips. These videos were nonsense clips. Speech, gestures and symbols didn't exist. They had no meaning. In the measurements, the researchers saw what was processed where. They could compare the brain activity of the test subjects. Everything that had meaning was analyzed in the same area. The results of this experiment are very interesting. They show how our brain has learned language over time. At first, man communicated with gestures. Later he developed a language. The brain had to learn, therefore, to process speech like gestures. And evidently it simply updated the old version …

 

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How does the brain learn grammar?
We begin to learn our native language as babies. This happens automatically. We are not aware of it. Our brain has to accomplish a great deal when learning, however. When we learn grammar, for example, it has a lot of work to do. Every day it hears new things. It receives new stimuli constantly. The brain can't process every stimulus individually, however. It has to act economically. Therefore, it orients itself toward regularity. The brain remembers what it hears often. It registers how often a specific thing occurs. Then it makes a grammatical rule out of these examples. Children know whether a sentence is correct or not. However, they don't know why that is. Their brain knows the rules without having learned them. Adults learn languages differently. They already know the structures of their native language. These build the basis for the new grammatical rules. But in order to learn, adults need teaching. When the brain learns grammar, it has a fixed system. This can be seen with nouns and verbs, for example. They are stored in different regions of the brain. Different areas of the brain are active when processing them. Simple rules are also learned differently than complex rules. With complex rules, more areas of the brain work together. How exactly the brain learns grammar hasn't been researched yet. However, we know that it can theoretically learn every grammar rule…

 

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How to learn two languages at once
Foreign languages are becoming increasingly important today. Many people are learning a foreign language. There are, however, many interesting languages in the world. Therefore, many people learn multiple languages at the same time. It's typically not a problem if children grow up bilingual. Their brain learns both languages automatically. When they are older they know what belongs to which language. Bilingual individuals know the typical features of both languages. It's different with adults. They cannot learn two languages simultaneously as easily. Those who learn two languages at once should follow some rules. First, it's important to compare both languages to each other. Languages that belong to the same language family are often very similar. That can lead to mixing them up. Therefore, it makes sense to closely analyze both languages. For example, you can make a list. There you can record the similarities and differences. This way the brain is forced to work with both languages intensively. It can better remember what the particularities of the two languages are. One should also choose separate colours and folders for each language. That helps clearly separate the languages from each other. If a person is learning dissimilar languages, it's different. There is no danger of mixing up two very different languages. In this case, there is danger in comparing the languages with one another! It would be better to compare the languages with one's native language. When the brain recognizes the contrast, it will learn more effectively. It is also important that both languages are learned with equal intensity. However, theoretically it doesn't matter to the brain how many languages it learns…

 

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The languages of the European Union
Today the European Union consists of more than 25 countries. In the future, even more countries will belong to the EU. A new country usually means a new language as well. Currently, more than 20 different languages are spoken in the EU. All languages in the European Union are equal. This variety of languages is fascinating. But it can lead to problems as well. Skeptics believe that the many languages are an obstacle for the EU. They hinder efficient collaboration. Many think, therefore, that there should be a common language. All countries should be able to communicate with this language. But it's not that easy. No language can be named the one official language. The other countries would feel disadvantaged. And there isn't a truly neutral language in Europe… An artificial language such as Esperanto wouldn't work either. Because the culture of a country is always reflected in the language. Therefore, no country wants to relinquish its language. The countries see a part of their identity in their language. Language policy is an important item on the EU's agenda. There is even a commissioner for multilingualism. The EU has the most translators and interpreters worldwide. Around 3,500 people work to make an agreement possible. Nevertheless, not all documents can always be translated. That would take too much time and cost too much money. Most documents are only translated into a few languages. The many languages are one of the biggest challenges of the EU. Europe should unite, without losing its many identities!

 

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Language and math
Thinking and speech go together. They influence one another. Linguistic structures influence the structures of our thinking. In some languages, for example, there are no words for numbers. The speakers do not understand the concept of numbers. So math and language also go together in some way. Grammatical and mathematical structures are often similar. Some researchers believe that they are also processed similarly. They believe that the speech centre is also responsible for math. It can help the brain to perform calculations. Recent studies are coming to another conclusion, however. They show that our brain processes math without speech. Researchers studied three men. The brains of these test subjects were injured. As a result, the speech centre was also damaged. The men had big problems with speaking. They could no longer formulate simple sentences. They couldn't understand words either. After the speech test the men had to solve math problems. A few of these mathematical puzzles were very complex. Even so, the test subjects could solve them! The results of this study are very interesting. They show that math is not encoded with words. It's possible that language and math have the same basis. Both are processed from the same centre. But math doesn't have to be translated into speech first. Perhaps language and math develop together too... Then when the brain has finished developing, they exist separately!

 

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Young people learn differently than older people
Children learn language relatively quickly. It typically takes longer for adults. But children don't learn better than adults. They just learn differently. When learning languages, the brain has to accomplish quite a lot. It has to learn multiple things simultaneously. When a person is learning a language, it's not enough to just think about it. He must also learn how to say the new words. For that, the speech organs must learn new movements. The brain must also learn to react to new situations. It is a challenge to communicate in a foreign language. Adults learn languages differently in every period of life, however. With 20 or 30 years of age, people still have a learning routine. School or studying isn't that far in the past. Therefore, the brain is well trained. As a result it can learn foreign languages at a very high level. People between the ages of 40 and 50 have already learned a lot. Their brain profits from this experience. It can combine new content with old knowledge well. At this age it learns best the things with which it is already familiar. That is, for example, languages that are similar to languages learned earlier in life. With 60 or 70 years of age, people typically have a lot of time. They can practice often. That is especially important with languages. Older people learn foreign writing especially well, for example. One can learn successfully at every age. The brain can still build new nerve cells after puberty. And it enjoys doing so…

 

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Learning languages with the Internet
More and more people are learning foreign languages. And more and more people are using the Internet to do so! Online learning is different from the classic language course. And it has many advantages! Users decide for themselves, when they want to learn. They can also choose what they want to learn. And they determine how much they want to learn per day. With online learning, the users are supposed to learn intuitively. That means, they should learn the new language naturally. Just like they learned languages as children or on vacation. As such, the users learn using simulated situations. They experience different things in different places. They must become active themselves in the process. With some programs you need headphones and a microphone. With these you can talk with native speakers. It is also possible to have one's pronunciation analyzed. This way you can continue to improve. You can chat with other users in communities. The Internet also offers the possibility of learning on the go. You can take the language with you everywhere with digital technology. Online courses aren't more inferior than conventional courses. When the programs are well done, they can be very efficient. But it is important that the online course isn't too flashy. Too many animations can distract from the learning material. The brain has to process every single stimulus. As a result, the memory can become overwhelmed quickly. Therefore, it is sometimes better to learn quietly with a book. Those who mix new methods with old will surely make good progress…

 

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Better concentration = better learning
When we learn we must concentrate. All of our attention must be on one thing. The ability to concentrate is not inherent. We first have to learn how to concentrate. This typically occurs in kindergarten or school. At the age of six, children can concentrate for about 15 minutes. Adolescents of 14 years can concentrate and work for twice as long. The concentration phase of adults lasts about 45 minutes. After a certain amount of time concentration dwindles. After which those studying lose interest in the material. They can also get tired or stressed. As a result, studying becomes more difficult. The memory can't retain the material as well. However, a person can increase their concentration! It's very important that you have slept enough before studying. A person who is tired can only concentrate for a short period of time. Our brain makes more mistakes when we're tired. Our emotions influence our concentration as well. A person who wants to learn efficiently should be in a neutral state of mind. Too many positive or negative emotions hinder learning success. Of course, a person can't always control his feelings. But you can try to ignore them when studying. A person who wants to be concentrated has to be motivated. We must always have a goal in mind when studying. Only then is our brain ready to concentrate. A quiet environment is also important for good concentration. And: You should drink a lot of water when studying; it keeps you awake. A person who keeps all this in mind will certainly stay concentrated for longer!