پیشنهادی ▓▓Proprietary english▓▓

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Two languages = two speech centres!
It doesn't matter to our brain when we learn a language. This is because it has different storage areas for different languages. Not all the languages we learn are stored together. Languages we learn as adults have their own storage area. That means the brain processes the new rules in a different place. They aren't stored with the native language. People who grow up bilingual, on the other hand, only use one region of the brain. Multiple studies have come to this conclusion. Neuroscientists examined various test subjects. These subjects spoke two languages fluently. One part of the test group, however, had grown up with both languages. The other part, in contrast, had learned the second language later in life. Researchers could measure brain activity during language tests. This way they could see which areas of the brain functioned during the tests. And they saw that the "late" learners had two speech centres! Researchers had already long suspected that this would be so. People with brain injuries show different symptoms. So, damage to the brain can also lead to speech problems. Those affected can't pronounce or understand words as well. But bilingual accident victims sometimes show unusual symptoms. Their speech problems don't always affect both languages. If only one area of the brain is injured, the other can still function. Then the patients speak one language better than the other. The two different languages are also re-learned at different speeds. This proves that both languages aren't stored in the same place. Since they weren't learned at the same time, they form two centres. It is still unknown how our brain manages multiple languages. But new findings could lead to new learning strategies.

 

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Indonesia, the land of many languages
The Republic of Indonesia is one of the largest countries on Earth. About 240 million people live in the insular state. These people belong to many different ethnic groups. It is estimated that there are almost 500 ethnic groups in Indonesia. These groups have many different cultural traditions. And they also speak many different languages! About 250 languages are spoken in Indonesia. There are many dialects on top of that. Indonesia's languages are typically classified under the ethnic groups. For example, there is the Javanese or Balinese language. This multitude of languages naturally leads to problems. They hinder an efficient economy and administration. Therefore, a national language was implemented in Indonesia. Since their independence in 1945, Bahasa Indonesia is the official language. It is taught alongside the native language in all schools. Despite this, not all inhabitants of Indonesia speak this language. Only about 70% of Indonesians are proficient in Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia is the native language of "only" 20 million people. Thus, the many regional languages are still of great importance. Indonesian is especially interesting for language lovers. Because there are many advantages to learning Indonesian. The language is considered to be relatively easy. The grammar rules can be learned quickly. You can rely on the spelling for pronunciation. The orthography isn't difficult either. Many Indonesian words come from other languages. And: Indonesian will soon be one of the most important languages… These are enough reasons to start learning, right?

 

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Why are there so many different languages?
Today there are more than 6,000 different languages worldwide. This is why we need interpreters and translators. A very long time ago, everyone still spoke the same language. That changed, however, when people began to migrate. They left their African homeland and moved around the world. This spatial separation lead to a linguistic separation as well. Because each people developed its own form of communication. Many different languages evolved from the common proto-language. But man never remained in one place for very long. So the languages became increasingly separated from each other. Somewhere along the line, a common root could no longer be recognized. Furthermore, no people lived in isolation for thousands of years. There was always contact with other peoples. This changed the languages. They took on elements from foreign languages or they merged. Because of this, the progression of the languages never stopped. Therefore, migrations and contact with new peoples explain the multitude of languages. Why languages are so different is another question, however. Every evolution follows certain rules. So there must be a reason for languages being the way they are. For these reasons scientists have been interested in them for years. They would like to know why languages develop differently. In order to research that, one must trace the history of languages. Then one can identify what changed when. It is still unknown what influences the development of languages. Cultural factors appear to be more important than biological factors. That is to say, the history of different peoples shaped their languages. Obviously, languages tell us more than we know…

 

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How the brain learns new words
When we learn new vocabulary, our brain stores new content. Learning only works with constant repetition. How well our brain stores words is dependent on multiple factors. But the most important thing is that we review vocabulary on a regular basis. Only words that we use or write often get stored. It could be said that these words are archived like images. This principle of learning is also true in apes. Apes can learn to "read" words, if they see them often enough. Although they don't understand the words, they recognize them by their form. In order to speak a language fluently, we need many words. For that, the vocabulary must be well organized. Because our memory functions like an archive. In order to find a word quickly, it must know where to search. Therefore it's better to learn words in a particular context. Then our brain will always be able to open the correct "file". But even that which we have learned well can be forgotten. In this case, the knowledge moves from the active into the passive memory. By forgetting, we free ourselves of knowledge we don't need. This is how our brain makes room for new and more important things. Therefore, it is important that we activate our knowledge on a regular basis. But that which is in the passive memory isn't lost forever. When we see a forgotten word, we remember it again. We learn that which we've learned before more quickly the second time. He who wants to expand his vocabulary must also expand his hobbies. Because each of us has certain interests. Therefore, we typically busy ourselves with the same things. But a language consists of many different semantic fields. A person interested in politics should also read sports papers sometime!

 

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Learning and reading
Learning and reading belong together. Of course, this is especially true when learning foreign languages. He who wants to learn a new language well must read many texts. When reading literature in a foreign language, we process entire sentences. Our brain learns vocabulary and grammar in context. This helps it to save the new content easily. Our memory has a harder time remembering individual words. By reading, we learn which meaning words can have. As a result, we develop a sense for the new language. Naturally, the foreign-language literature must not be too difficult. Modern short stories or crime novels are often entertaining. Daily newspapers have the advantage that they are always current. Children's books or comics are also suitable for learning. The pictures facilitate the understanding of the new language. Regardless of which literature you select – it should be entertaining! That means, a lot should happen in the story so that the language is varied. If you don't find anything, special textbooks can also be used. There are many books with simple texts for beginners. It's important to always use a dictionary when reading. Whenever you don't understand a word, you should look it up. Our brain is activated by reading and learns new things quickly. For all words that one does not understand, one compiles a file. This way those words can be reviewed often. It also helps to highlight unfamiliar words in the text. Then, you'll recognize them right away the next time. You will progress much quicker if you read a foreign language daily. For our brain learns quickly to imitate the new language. It can happen that you even think in the foreign language eventually…

 

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Native language = emotional, foreign language = rational?
When we learn foreign languages, we are stimulating our brain. Our thinking changes through learning. We become more creative and flexible. Complex thinking comes easier to people who are multilingual as well. The memory is exercised by learning. The more we learn, the better it functions. He who has learned many languages also learns other things faster. He can think more intently about a subject for a longer time. As a result, he solves problems faster. Multilingual individuals are also more decisive. But how they make decisions is dependent on languages too. The language in which we think influences our decisions. Psychologists examined multiple test subjects for a study. All test subjects were bilingual. They spoke another language in addition to their native language. The test subjects had to answer a question. The question had to do with the solution to a problem. In the process, the test subjects had to choose between two options. One option was considerably more risky than the other. The test subjects had to answer the question in both languages. And the answers changed when the language changed! When they were speaking their native language, the test subjects chose the risk. But in the foreign language they decided on the safer option. After this experiment, the test subjects had to place bets. Here too there was a clear difference. When they used a foreign language, they were more sensible. The researchers presume that we are more focused in foreign languages. Therefore, we make decisions not emotionally, but rationally…

 

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The indigenous languages of America
Many different languages are spoken in America. English is the main language in North America. Spanish and Portuguese dominate in South America. All of these languages came to America from Europe. Before colonization, other languages were spoken there. These languages are known as the indigenous languages of America. Until today, they haven't been explored substantially. The variety of these languages is enormous. It is estimated that there are about 60 language families in North America. In South America there could even be as many as 150. Additionally, there are many isolated languages. All of these languages are very different. They exhibit only a few common structures. Therefore, it is difficult to classify the languages. The reason for their differences lies in the history of America. America was colonized in several stages. The first people came to America over more than 10,000 years ago. Each population brought its language to the continent. The indigenous languages are most similar to Asian languages. The situation regarding America's ancient languages isn't the same everywhere. Many Native American languages are still in use in South America. Languages like Guarani or Quechua have millions of active speakers. By contrast, many languages in North America are almost extinct. The culture of the Native Americans of North America was long oppressed. In the process, their languages were lost. But interest in them has increased in the last few decades. There are many programs that aim to nurture and protect the languages. So they could have a future after all…

 

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Gestures help with the learning of vocabulary
When we learn vocabulary, our brain has a lot of work to do. It must store every new word. But you can support your brain in learning. This is achieved through gestures. Gestures help our memory. It can remember words better if it processes gestures at the same time. A study has clearly proven this. Researchers had test subjects study vocabulary. These words didn't really exist. They belonged to an artificial language. A few words were taught to the test subjects with gestures. That is to say, the test subjects didn't just hear or read the words. Using gestures, they imitated the meaning of the words as well. While they studied, their brain activity was measured. Researchers made an interesting discovery in the process. When the words were learned with gestures, more areas of the brain were active. In addition to the speech centre, sensomotoric areas showed activity as well. This additional brain activity influences our memory. In learning with gestures, complex networks form. These networks save the new words in multiple places in the brain. Vocabulary can be processed more efficiently this way. When we want to use certain words our brain finds them faster. They are also stored better. It's important, however, that the gesture is associated with the word. Our brain recognizes when a word and gesture don't go together. The new findings could lead to new teaching methods. Individuals that know little about languages often learn slowly. Perhaps they will learn easier if they imitate the words physically…

 

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Computers can reconstruct heard words
It has long been a dream of man to be able to read minds. Everyone would like to know what another is thinking at a given time. This dream has still not come true. Even with modern technology, we can't read minds. What others think remains a secret. But we can recognize what others hear! This has been proven by a scientific experiment. Researchers succeeded in reconstructing heard words. For this purpose, they analyzed the brain waves of test subjects. When we hear something, our brain becomes active. It has to process the heard language. A certain activity pattern emerges in the process. This pattern can be recorded with electrodes. And this recording can be processed further too! It can be converted into a sound pattern with a computer. The heard word can be identified this way. This principle works with all words. Every word that we hear produces a particular signal. This signal is always connected with the sound of the word. So it "only" needs to be translated into an acoustic signal. For if you know the sound pattern, you'll know the word. The test subjects heard real words and fake words in the experiment. Thus, part of the words did not exist. Despite this, these words could be reconstructed too. The recognized words can be expressed by a computer. It is also possible to have them just appear on a monitor. Now, researchers hope they will soon understand language signals better. So the dream of mind reading continues...

 

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One language, many varieties
Even if we only speak one language, we speak many languages. For no language is a self-contained system. Every language shows many different dimensions. Language is a living system. Speakers always orient themselves towards their conversation partners. Therefore, people vary the language they speak. These varieties appear in various forms. For example, every language has a history. It has changed and will continue to change. This can be recognized in the fact that old people speak differently than young people. There are also various dialects in most languages. However, many dialect speakers can adapt to their environment. In certain situations they speak the standard language. Different social groups have different languages. Youth language or hunter's jargon are examples of this. Most people speak differently at work than they do at home. Many also use a professional jargon at work. Differences also appear in spoken and written language. Spoken language is typically much simpler than written. The difference can be quite large. This is the case when written languages don't change for a long time. Speakers then must learn to use the language in written form first. The language of women and men is often different as well. This difference isn't that great in western societies. But there are countries in which women speak much more differently than men. In some cultures, politeness has its own linguistic form. Speaking is therefore not at all so easy! We have to pay attention to many different things at the same time…