پیشنهادی ▓▓Proprietary english▓▓

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

The language of animals
When we want to express ourselves, we use our speech. Animals have their own language as well. And they use it exactly like us humans. That is to say, they talk to each other in order to exchange information. Basically each animal species has a particular language. Even termites communicate with each other. When in danger, they slap their bodies on the ground. This is their way of warning each other. Other animal species whistle when they approach enemies. Bees speak with each other through dancing. Through this, they show other bees where there is something to eat. Whales make sounds that can be heard from 5,000 kilometers away. They communicate with each other through special songs. Elephants also give each other various acoustic signals. But humans cannot hear them. Most animal languages are very complicated. They consist of a combination of different signs. Acoustic, chemical and optical signals are used. Aside from that, animals use various gestures. By now, humans have learned the language of pets. They know when dogs are happy. And they can recognize when cats want to be left alone. However, dogs and cats speak very different languages. Many signals are even exact opposites. It was long believed that these two animals simply didn't like each other. But they just misunderstand each other. That leads to problems between dogs and cats. So even animals fight because of misunderstandings…

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

Universal language English
English is the most widespread language in the world. But Mandarin, or High Chinese, has the most native speakers. English is the native language of "only" 350 million people. However, English has a great deal of influence on other languages. Since the middle of the 20th century it has taken on greater significance. This is largely due to the development of the USA into a superpower. English is the first foreign language taught in schools in many countries. International organizations use English as their official language. English is also the official language or common language of many countries. It is possible, however, that soon other languages will take over these functions. English belongs to the West Germanic languages. Therefore it is closely related to German, for example. But the language has changed significantly in the last 1,000 years. Earlier, English was an inflecting language. Most endings with a grammatical function have disappeared. Therefore, English can be counted among the isolating languages. This type of language is more similar to Chinese than to German. In the future, the English language will be further simplified. The irregular verbs will most likely disappear. English is simple compared to other Indo-European languages. But English orthography is very difficult. This is because spelling and pronunciation differ strongly from one another. English orthography has been the same for centuries. But pronunciation has changed considerably. As a result, one still writes the way one spoke in 1400. There are also many irregularities in pronunciation. There are 6 variants for the letter combination ough alone! Test yourself! – thorough, thought, through, rough, bough, cough.

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

Fast languages, slow languages
There are over 6,000 languages worldwide. But all have the same function. They help us exchange information. This happens in various ways in every language. Because every language behaves according to its own rules. The speed with which a language is spoken also differs. Linguists have proven this in various studies. To this end, short texts were translated into several languages. These texts were then read aloud by native speakers. The result was clear. Japanese and Spanish are the fastest languages. In these languages, almost 8 syllables per second are spoken. The Chinese speak considerably slower. They speak only 5 syllables per second. The speed is dependent on the complexity of the syllables. If the syllables are complex, speaking takes longer. German contains 3 sounds per syllable, for example. Therefore it is spoken relatively slowly. Speaking quickly does not mean, however, that there is a lot to communicate. Quite the opposite! Only a little information is contained in syllables that are quickly spoken. Although the Japanese speak quickly, they convey little content. On the other hand, the "slow" Chinese say a great deal with a few words. English syllables also contain a lot of information. Interesting is: The evaluated languages are almost equally efficient! That means, he who speaks slower says more. And he who speaks faster needs more words. In the end, all reach their goal at about the same time.

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

The Basque language
There are four recognized languages in Spain. They are Spanish, Catalonian, Galician and Basque. The Basque language is the only one without Romanesque roots. It is spoken in the Spanish-French border area. Around 800,000 people speak Basque. Basque is considered the oldest language in Europe. But the origin of this language is still unknown. Therefore, Basque remains a riddle for linguists today. Basque is also the only isolated language in Europe. That is to say, it isn't genetically related to any other language. Its geographical situation could be the reason for this. The Basque people have always lived in isolation due to the mountains and coasts. In this way, the language survived even after the invasion of the Indo-Europeans. The term Basques goes back to the Latin vascones. The Basques call themselves Euskaldunak, or speakers of Basque. That shows how much they identify with their language Euskara. Euskara has been passed down primarily orally for centuries. Therefore, there are only a few written sources. The language is still not completely standardized. Most Basques are bi- or multi-lingual. But they also maintain the Basque language. Because the Basque region is an autonomous region. That facilitates language policy processes and cultural programs. Children can choose between a Basque or a Spanish education. There are also various typically Basque types of sports. So the culture and language of the Basques appears to have a future. Incidentally, the whole world knows one Basque word. It is the last name of "El Che" – … yes, that's right, Guevara!

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

The Maltese language
Many Europeans who want to improve their English travel to Malta. This is because English is the official language in the European microstates. And Malta is known for its many language schools. But this isn't what makes the country interesting to linguists. They are interested in Malta for another reason. The Republic of Malta has another official language: Maltese (or Malti). This language developed from an Arabic dialect. With that, Malti is the only Semitic language of Europe. The syntax and phonology are different from that of Arabic, however. Maltese is also written in Latin letters. The alphabet contains a few special characters, however. And the letters c and y are completely absent. The vocabulary contains elements from many different languages. Aside from Arabic, Italian and English are among the influential languages. But Phoenicians and Carthaginians influenced the language as well. Therefore, some researchers consider Malti an Arabic Creole language. Throughout its history, Malta was occupied by various powers. All of them left their marks on the islands of Malta, Gozo and Comino. For a very long time, Malti was only a local vernacular. But it always remained the native language of the "real" Maltese. It too was exclusively orally passed down. Not until the 19th century did people begin to write in the language. Today the number of speakers is estimated at around 330,000. Malta has been a member of the European Union since 2004. With that, Malti is also one of the official European languages. But for the Maltese the language is simply a part of their culture. And they are pleased when foreigners want to learn Malti. There are definitely enough language schools in Malta…

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

Language and music
Music is a worldwide phenomenon. All peoples of the Earth make music. And music is understood in all cultures. A scientific study proved this. In it, western music was played to an isolated tribe of people. This African tribe had no access to the modern world. Nevertheless, they recognized when they heard cheerful or sad songs. Why this is so has not yet been researched. But music appears to be a language without boundaries. And we have all somehow learned how to interpret it correctly. However, music has no evolutionary advantage. That we can understand it anyway is associated with our language. Because music and language belong together. They are processed alike in the brain. They also function similarly. Both combine tones and sounds according to specific rules. Even babies understand music, they learned that in the womb. There they hear the melody of their mother's language. Then when they come into the world they can understand music. It could be said that music imitates the melody of languages. Emotion is also expressed through speed in both language and music. So using our linguistic knowledge, we understand emotions in music. Conversely, musical people often learn languages easier. Many musicians memorize languages like melodies. In doing so, they can remember languages better. Something interesting is that lullabies around the world sound very similar. This proves how international the language of music is. And it is also perhaps the most beautiful of all languages…

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

Genes influence language
The language we speak is dependent on our ancestry. But our genes are also responsible for our language. Scottish researchers have come to this conclusion. They examined how English differs from Chinese. In doing so they discovered that genes play a role, too. Because genes influence the development of our brain. That is to say, they shape our brain structures. With this, our ability to learn languages is determined. Variants of two genes are crucial to this. If a particular variant is scarce, tonal languages develop. So tonal languages are spoken by people without these gene variants. In tonal languages, the meaning of words is determined by the pitch of the tones. Chinese is included in the tonal languages, for example. If this gene variant is dominant, however, other languages develop. English is not a tonal language. The variants of this gene are not evenly distributed. That means they occur with differing frequency in the world. But languages only survive if they are passed down. In order to do this, children must be able to imitate the language of their parents. So they must be able to learn the language well. Only then will it be passed down from generation to generation. The older gene variant is the one that promotes tonal languages. So there were probably more tonal languages in the past than there are today. But one mustn't overestimate the genetic components. They can only add to explaining the development of languages. But there isn't a gene for English, or a gene for Chinese. Anybody can learn any language. You don't need genes for that, but rather only curiosity and discipline!

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

The future of languages
More than 1.3 billion people speak Chinese. This makes Chinese the most spoken language worldwide. It will remain the case for the many years to come. The future of many other languages does not look as positive. Because many local languages will die out. Around 6,000 different languages are presently spoken. But experts estimate that the majority of them are threatened by extinction. About 90% of all languages will vanish. Most of them will die out in this century alone. This means that a language will be lost every day. The meaning of individual languages will also change in the future. English is still in second place. But the number of native speakers of languages is not remaining constant. The demographical development is responsible for this. In a few decades, other languages will be dominant. Hindi/Urdu and Arabic will soon be in 2nd and 3rd place. English will take 4th place. German will completely disappear out of the Top Ten. In turn, Malay will belong to the most important languages. While many languages die out, new ones will emerge. They will be hybrid languages. These linguistic hybrids will be spoken in cities more than anywhere else. Completely new variants of languages will also develop. So in the future there will be various forms of the English language. The number of bilingual people will increase considerably worldwide. How we will speak in the future is unclear. But even in 100 years there will still be different languages. So learning won't end so quickly…

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

The language of pictures
A German saying goes: A picture says more than a thousand words. That means that pictures are often understood faster than speech. Pictures can also convey emotions better. Because of this, advertising uses a lot of pictures. Pictures function differently than speech. They show us several things simultaneously and in their totality. That means that the whole image together has a certain effect. With speech, considerably more words are needed. But images and speech go together. We need speech in order to describe a picture. By the same token, many texts are first understood through images. The relationship between images and speech is being studied by linguists. It also raises the question whether pictures are a language in their own right. If something is only filmed, we can look at the images. But the message of the film isn't concrete. If an image is meant to function as speech, it must be concrete. The less it shows, the clearer its message. Pictograms are a good example of this. Pictograms are simple and clear pictorial symbols. They replace verbal language, and as such are a form of visual communication. Everyone knows the pictogram for "no smoking" for example. It shows a cigarette with a line through it. Images are becoming even more important due to globalization. But you also have to study the language of images. It is not understandable worldwide, even though many think so. Because our culture influences our understanding of images. What we see is dependent on many different factors. So some people don't see cigarettes, but only dark lines.

 

[☾♔TALAYEH_A♔☽]

Only strong words survive!
Rarely used words change more often than words that are used often. That could be due to the laws of evolution. Common genes change less in the course of time. They are more stable in their form. And apparently the same is true for words! English verbs were evaluated for a study. In it, current forms of the verbs were compared to old forms. In English, the ten most common verbs are irregular. Most other verbs are regular. But in the Middle Ages, most verbs were still irregular. So irregular verbs that were rarely used became regular verbs. In 300 years, English will have hardly any remaining irregular verbs. Other studies also show that languages are selected like genes. Researchers compared common words from different languages. In the process they chose similar words that mean the same thing. An example of this are the words: water, Wasser, vatten. These words have the same root and therefore closely resemble one another. Since they are essential words, they are used frequently in all languages. In this way, they are able to maintain their form – and remain similar today. Less essential words change much faster. Rather, they are replaced by other words. Rarely used words differentiate themselves in this way in different languages. Why rarely used words change remains unclear. It's possible that they are often used incorrectly or are mispronounced. This is due to the fact that speakers aren't familiar with them. But it could be that essential words must always be the same. Because only then can they be understood correctly. And words are there to be understood…