Grammar & Writing (دستور زبان و نوشتار)

[کوکیッ]

**Grammer**

Lesson 14​

​

Kind of Adverbs
​

Here you can see the basic kinds of adverbs.​

َ​

Adverbs of manner​

Adverbs of place​

Adverbs of time​

Adverbs of degree​

​

َ​

Adverbs of manner​

Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question "how?". Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.​

He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)​

They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)​

James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?)​

​

Adverbs of Place​

Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question "where?". Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.​

Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)
They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?)
Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?)
​

Adverbs of Time​

Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs.
They can answer the question "when?":
He came yesterday. (When did he come?)
I want it now. (When do I want it?)

Or they can answer the question "how often?":
They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)
​

Adverbs of Degree​

Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)
Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)
He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?)​

​

درس چهاردهم
انواع قید

در زیر شما انواع قید را مشاهده میکنید.

قیدهای حالت
قیدهای مکان
قیدهای زمان
قیدهای کمّی

قیدهای حالت
قیدهای حالت چگونگی انجام کاری (منظور فعل) را نشان میدهند. قیدهای حالت پاسخ کلمه ی پرسشیِ How میباشند. قید های حالت معمولا فعل را تغییر میدهند. برای مثال
He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)
They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)
James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?)
.

قیدهای مکان
قیدهای مکان اطلاعات مکانی که فعل در آن اتفاق افتاده میدهد. قیدهای مکان جواب کلمه ی پرسشی where میباشند. قید های مکان معمولا فعل را تغییر میدهند. برای مثال
Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)
They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?)
Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked

قیدهای زمان
قیدهای زمان اطلاعات زمانی که فعل در آن اتفاق افتاده میدهد. قید های زمان معمولا فعل را تغییر میدهند.
قیدهای زمان جواب کلمه ی پرسشی when میباشند. برای مثال
He came yesterday. (When did he come?)
I want it now. (When do I want it?)

یا قیدهای زمان میتوانند پاسخ کلمه ی پرسشی How often به معنای چند وقت یکبار باشند. برای مثال

They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie

قیدهای کمّی
قیدهای کمّی میزان و یا درجه ی اتفاق افتادن فعل را به ما میگوید. آنها پاسخ کلمه ی پرسشی How much و یا to what degree میباشند. قیدهای کمّی میتوانند افعال، صفات و یا قیدهای دیگر را تغییر دهند. برای مثال
She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)
Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)
He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive

Alphabetical list of common single-word adverbs
​

قیدهای تک کلمه ای رایج در زبان انگلیسی به ترتیب الفبایی

​

Adverbs of manner​

Adverbs of manner form the largest group of adverbs. We make most of them simply by adding -ly to their corresponding adjective. This is an alphabetical list of 130 common single-word adverbs of manner. Adverbs of manner that do not end in -ly are shown in bold.​

قیدهای حالت بزرگترین گروه قیدها در زبان انگلیسی میباشند. ما بسیاری از آنها را با اضافه کردن ly به آخر صفات میتوانیم بسازیم. در زیر لیستی از 130 قید حالت رایج در زبان انگلیسی را مشاهده خواهید کرد. قیدهای حالتی که به ly ختم نمیشوند به حالت پر رنگ نمایش داده شده اند.
​

accidentally​

angrily
anxiously
awkwardly
badly
beautifully
blindly
boldly
bravely
brightly
busily
calmly
carefully
carelessly
cautiously
cheerfully
clearly
closely
correctly
courageously
cruelly
daringly
deliberately
doubtfully
eagerly
easily
elegantly
enormously
enthusiastically
equally
eventually
exactly
faithfully​

fast​

fatally
fiercely
fondly
foolishly
fortunately
frankly
frantically
generously
gently
gladly
gracefully
greedily
happily​

hard​

hastily
healthily
honestly
hungrily
hurriedly
inadequately
ingeniously
innocently
inquisitively
irritably
joyously
justly
kindly
lazily
loosely
loudly
madly
mortally
mysteriously
neatly
nervously
noisily
obediently
openly
painfully
patiently
perfectly
politely
poorly
powerfully
promptly
punctually
quickly
quietly
rapidly
rarely
really
recklessly
regularly
reluctantly
repeatedly
rightfully
roughly
rudely
sadly
safely
selfishly
sensibly
seriously
sharply
shyly
silently
sleepily
slowly
smoothly​

so​

softly
solemnly
speedily
stealthily
sternly​

straight​

stupidly
successfully
suddenly
suspiciously
swiftly
tenderly
tensely
thoughtfully
tightly
truthfully
unexpectedly
victoriously
violently
vivaciously
warmly
weakly
wearily​

well​

wildly
wisely​

​

Adverbs of place
about
above
abroad
anywhere
away
back
backwards (also backward)
behind
below
down
downstairs
east (etc)
elsewhere
far
here
in
indoors
inside
near
nearby
off
on
out
outside
over
there
towards
under
up
upstairs
where
​

Adverbs of time​

points of time (definite):​

now​

then​

today​

tomorrow​

tonight​

yesterday​

​

frequency (definite):​

annually​

daily​

fortnightly​

hourly​

monthly​

nightly​

quarterly​

weekly​

yearly​

​

frequency (indefinite):​

always​

constantly​

ever​

frequently​

generally​

infrequently​

never​

normally​

occasionally​

often​

rarely​

regularly​

seldom​

sometimes​

regularly​

usually​

​

relationships in time (indefinite):​

​

already​

before​

early​

earlier​

eventually​

finally​

first​

formerly​

just​

last​

late​

later​

lately​

next​

previously​

recently​

since​

soon​

still​

yet​

​

Adverbs of degree​

almost​

absolutely​

awfully*​

badly*​

barely​

completely​

decidedly​

deeply​

enough​

enormously​

entirely​

extremely​

fairly​

far​

fully​

greatly​

hardly​

highly​

how​

incredibly​

indeed​

intensely​

just​

least​

less​

little​

lots​

most​

much​

nearly​

perfectly​

positively​

practically​

pretty*​

purely​

quite​

rather​

really​

scarcely​

simply​

so​

somewhat​

strongly​

terribly*​

thoroughly​

too​

totally​

utterly​

very​

virtually​

well​

*informal​

کلمات ستاره دار کلمات غیر رسمی می باشند.​

 

[کوکیッ]

**Grammer**

Lesson 15​

​

Adverbs of frequency
​

Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or "How often?". They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:​

​

daily, weekly, yearly_​

often, sometimes, rarely_​

You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea about frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite frequency.​

​

Adverbs of definite frequency​

​

Examples​

​

hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly_​

every second, once a minute, twice a year​

once, twice, once or twice, three times​

Adverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of definite time, typically go in END position. Look at these examples
​

Most companies pay taxes yearly.​

The manager checks the toilets every hour.​

The directors meet weekly to review progress.​

​

Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the FRONT, for example:​

​

Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.​

​

Adverbs of indefinite frequency

​

Examples​

​

never, seldom, sometimes, often, always​

Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the sentence. They go before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"):
​

.We usually go shopping on Saturday​

.I have often done that​

.She is always late​

Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence
​

Sometimes they come and stay with us​

I play tennis occasionally​

Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):
​

We see them rarely.​

John eats meat very seldom.​

​

درس پانزدهم
قیدهای تکرار

قیدهای تکرار قیدهای زمانی هستند که در جواب سوالهای "چگونه اغلب؟" و یا" هر چند وقت یکبار؟" به کار بـرده میشوند. آنها به ما میگویند که هر چندوقت یک بار چیزی اتفاق می افتد. در زیر چند مثال میبینید.

1. daily, weekly, yearly
2. often, sometimes, rarely

ترجمه:a. روزانه، هفتگی، سالانه
b. اغلب، بعضی اوقات، به ندرت

احتمالا در گروه a و b تفاوتی میبینید. با کلماتی مانند daily ما دقیقا میدانیم چند وقت یک بار (چیزی اتفاق می افتد). کلمات گروه a تشریح کننده ی تکرارهای قطعی و صریح هستند. از طرف دیگر کلماتی مانند often به ما ایده ای در مورد تکرار یک واقعه میدهند اما نه به صورت قطعی. این کلمه و کلمات ذکر شده در گروه b تشریح کننده ی تکرارهای غیرقطعی و غیر صریح هستند.

قیدهای تکرار قطعی
مثال:

• hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
• every second, once a minute, twice a year
• once, twice, once or twice, three times

این قیدها مانند تمام قیدهای قطعی زمان غالبت در آخر جمله قرار میگیرند. به این مثالها توجه کنید:

• Most companies pay taxes yearly.
• The manager checks the toilets every hour.
• The directors meet weekly to review progresss.

بعضی اوقات برای تاکید بیشتر یا ستایل، بعضی از این قیدها ممکن است در اول جمله قرار بگیرند برای مثال

• Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.

قیدهای تکرار غیرقطعی

مثال:

• never, seldom, sometimes, often, always

قیدهای تکرار غیر قطعی معملولا در وسط جمله قرار میگیرند. قبل از فعل اصلی -به استثنای افعال to be-

• We usually go shopping on Saturday.
• I have often done that.
• She is always late

این کلمات میتوانند در ابتدا و یا انتهای یک جمله قرار بگیرند.Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequentlyand usually

• Sometimes they come and stay with us.
• I play tennis occasionally.

کلمات rarely و seldom میتوانند در انتهای یک جمله قرار بگیرند (معمولا همراه با very)

• We see them rarely.
• John eats meat very seldom